Geology and topography
The Galapagos comprise thirteen large islands, six smaller islands and over forty islets with about 8.000 square kilometers of land mass, spread over 60.000 square kilometers of water.
Located on the equator some 600 miles opposite Ecuador, the Galapagos are thought to be five to ten million years old. This is, the Galapagos are relative newborns on a geological scale.
Some islands are the product of volcanic uprising with layers upon layers of lava flows and ash, while others where flat ocean bottom which became uplifted by volcanic activity and tectonic pressures. These traits are quite evident throughout Galapagos and constitute an interesting feature for the curious visitor.
Several of Galapagos volcanoes have particulalrly large calderas, or crater-like depressions, which allow a magnificent scenery. This makes for a volcanic flat top. Such is the case of "Los Gemelos" (The Twins) on Santa Cruz island, which are two large calderas opposing each other over a particularly short distance.
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Over the course of millions of years, soil has been developing on the islands and varied vegetation can be supported . Different island elevations in the Galapagos allow for a dramatic change in scenery, at times within relatively short areas. For example in Santa Cruz island in a matter of a few minutes the scenery can change dramatically as you go from coastal area dryness into the lush rainforest-like vegetation of the highlands. This happens in a few minutes time.
The sheer uniqueness of Galapagos biota, as well as the diversity of its geographical and topological elements is another Galapagos' trait that deeply captivates both scientists and visitors alike. The underwater topography in the Galapagos is none less varied.
The volcanic origin of the islands has also allowed the formation of lava tunnels.
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Some are particularly large. Santa Cruz island has several lava tunnels that run for many kilometers, and with diameters exceeding 10 meters at times.
Due to erosion and other geological effects taking place over ages, one can find the most, varied beaches in the Galapagos which at times take the color of the surrounding rocks or marine material.
There are beaches where the sand is particularly white and powdery, and there are beaches with black, brown, red and even green shades of sand. Tortuga Bay in Santa Cruz island is a spectacular example of a white sand beach. Mosquera, easily visible when from the airplane as it is about to land, is another example. |
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